• 第四节 买卖合同的订立

    2018-08-31 16:53:47 标签:第四节

            一、合同有效成立的条件 

            发盘经过对方有效接受,合同即告成立。但是合同是否具有法律效力,还要看其是否具备一定的条件,不具法律效力的合同是不受法律保护的。根据第一章的阐述,一份合法有效的合同必须具备下述特征: 
            当事人必须在自愿和真实的基础上达成协议,采取欺诈、胁迫手段订立的合同无效;当事人必须具有订立合同的行为能力,未成年人、精神病患者等不具备行为能力的人,订立合同无效;合同必须有对价和合法的约因,即合同的互为有偿性和目的的合法性;合同的标的和内容必须合法,以非法经营的产品为基础订立的合同不受法律保护;合同的形式必须符合法律规定的要求,我国合同法规定,当事人订立合同,有书面形式、口头形式和其他形式。

            二、书面合同的签订

            买卖双方经过磋商,一方的发盘被另一方有效接受,交易达成,合同成立。但在实际业务中,按照习惯做法,买卖双方达成协议后,通常还要制作书面合同将各自的权利和义务用书面方式加以明确,这就是签订合同。 

            (一)书面合同的意义 
            1.合同成立的证据。它可以证明合同关系的存在,一旦发生争议,可以此为凭证,据理力争。
            2.履行合同的依据。合同上明确了买卖双方的权利和义务,履行合同时可参照执行。
            3.有时是合同生效的条件。一般来说,接受生效,合同就成立,但在通过信件、电报、电传达成协议的特定环境下,一方当事人要求签订确认书,则签订确认书方为合同成立。此外,如果所签合同必须是经一方或双方政府审核批准的合同,那么这一合同的生效就必须是具有一定格式的书面合同。

            (二)书面合同的形式 
            国际上,买卖双方既可采用正式合同(contract)、确认书(confirmation)、协议(agreement),也可采用备忘录(memorandum)等形式。 
            在我国进出口业务中,书面合同主要采用两种形式:一种是正式合同(销售合同sales contract和购货合同purchase contract)。这类合同除了商品的名称、规格、包装、装运港和目的港、交货期、付款方式、运输标志、商品检验等条件外,还有异议索赔、仲裁、不可抗力等条件。它条款完备、内容全面,适合大宗商品或成交额较大的交易;另一种是简式合同(销售确认书sales confirmation和购货确认书purchase confirmation)。这类合同的条款比销售合同简单,适用于金额不大、批数较多的小土特产品和轻工产品,或者已订有代理、包销等长期协议的交易。合同无论采取那种形式,法律上具有同等效力。 
            在实际业务中,当面成交的,由买卖双方共同签署;函电往来成交的,由我方签署后,将正本一式两份寄送国外买方签署,买方签署后寄回一份,以备存查,同时附函说明(磋商函电示例八、九)。

        磋商函电示例八: 卖方寄出合同函(2月15日去函)

    ABC TRADING CORPORATION 
    115 Hangzhou Road, Chaoyang District, Changchun ,China 
    TEL: (0431 8656627)  FAX: (0431 8678777)

    DATE: FEB 15,2001

    Dear Mr .Villard Henry,

    With reference to our exchanged faxes, we are pleased to come to a deal on working boots of 50000 pairs at the price of USD19.00 per pair CIFC3% New York for shipment in May. Enclosed you will find our Sales Confirmation No.01JCMA1234 in duplicate of which please countersign and return one copy to us for our file. We trust you will open the relative L/C at an early date. 
    We look forward to receiving your further enquiries.

    Yours faithfully, 
    Huang Helong 
    Shoes Department


        磋商函电示例九:买方回寄合同函(2月23日来函)

    DEF INTERNATIONAL TRADING CO. 
    G. street, H box 1234.California U.S.A. 
    TEL : (001 212 782 5345 )FAX: ( 001 212 789 1678)

    Mr.Huang Helong

    ABC Trading Corporation 
    115 Hangzhou Road,Chaoyang District, 
    Changchun ,China 
    Date: Feb 23,2001

    Dear Mr .Huang,

    We have duly received your Sales Confirmation No.01JCMA1234 covering 50000 pairs working boots we have booked with you. Enclosed please find the duplicate with our counter-signature. 
    The relative L/C will be established with Bank of China, New York Branch in your favor in a few days. It will reach you in due course.

    Yours sincerely, 
    Villard Henry 
    Purchasing Division

            除了上面常用的合同形式外,定单和委托订购单有时也被采用。定单(order)是指由进口商或实际买主拟制的货物订购单;委托订购单(indent)是指由代理商或佣金商拟制的代客购买货物的订购单。业务中,国外客户往往将定单或委托订购单寄来一式两份,要求我方签署后退回一份。这种经磋商成交后寄来的订单或委托订购单,是国外客户的购货合同或购货确认书。但是对未经磋商客户径自寄来的订单或委托订购单,我方应按照内容区别其是发盘还是询盘,研究是否与其交易,并及时答复对方。 

            (三)书面合同的内容 
            1.书面合同的构成 

            书面合同的内容一般由三部分组成
            (1)约首:是合同的序言部分,包括合同名称、合同号码、订约人的名称和地址等;
            (2)本文:是合同的主体部分,包括品名、规格、数量、价格、包装、交货条件、运输与保险条件、支付方式以及检验、索赔、不可抗力和仲裁条款等;
            (3)约尾:是合同的结尾部分,包括订约时间和地点及双方签字等项内容。我国出口合同的订约地点一般填写在我国。 

            2.买卖契约书制作核对表

    买卖契约书制作核对表

    一、契约名称(Title)
    二、前文(Preamble)
    1.订约日期
    2.订约地点
    3.当事人名称、地址
    4.订约缘由
    三、商品名称(Name of Commodity)
    1.应使用国际通用名称
    2.同名异物问题
    3.异名同物问题
    4.商品名称与关税
    5.商品名称与运费
    6.商品名称应具代表性
    四.品质条款(Quality)
    1.约定品质决定方法
    2.约定品质的决定时间、地点
    五、数量条款(Quantity)
    1.约定数量单位
    2.包装货计价重量的约定
    3.交付数量时间、地点的约定
    4.约定交付数量过于不足的解决方式
    5.装卸数量差额负担的约定
    六、价格条款(Price)
    1.价格的种类
    2.价格的构造
    3.价格的币制
    4.价格的计算单位
    5.价格变动风险的归宿
    七、包装条款(Packing)
    1.内包装的方法
    2.包装内容量
    3.填塞物
    4.外包装的种类
    5.包装尺寸与重量
    6.唛头
    八、保险条款(Insurance)
    1.约定投保人
    2.约定保险种类
    3.约定保险金额及币别
    4.理赔地点的约定
    5.约定保险公司
    九、交货条款(Shipment & Delivery)
    1.交货地点
    2.交货时间
    3.交货方法
    4.交货通知
    十、付款条款(Payment)
    1.付款时间
    2.付款方法
    3.付款币类
    十一、检验条款(Inspection)
    1.检验项目
    2.检验时间、地点
    3.检验机构
    4.检验方法
    5.检验费用的负担
    6.检验效力
    十二、索赔条款(Claim)
    1.解决索赔的基本原则
    2.提出索赔的期限
    3.提出索赔的通知方法
    4.应提出的证明文件
    5.退货权的丧失原因
    6.只能索赔,不能退货
    7.付款与索赔的关系
    十三、仲裁条款(Arbitration)
    1.约定仲裁的范围
    2.约定仲裁地
    3.约定仲裁机构
    4.约定仲裁人选定方法
    5.约定仲裁费用的负担
    十四、工业所有权(Industrial Property Right)
    1.工业所有权的范围
    2.侵犯工业所有权的免责规定
    十五、不可抗力条款(Force Majeure)
    1.不可抗力事故的原因
    2.通知发生不可抗力事故的时限及方法
    3.应提出的证明文件
    4.免责事项及善后
    十六、违约及解除权条款(Breach and Cancellation of Contract)
    1.解约事由
    2.行使解除权后的赔偿问题
    十七、其他条款(Miscellaneous Clauses)
    1.输出入许可证条款
    2.捐税条款
    3.让与条款
    4.准据法及贸易条件
    5.完整契约条款
    6.契约修改条款
    7.通知条款
    8.正本条款
    9.不受贿条款
    10.品质保证条款
    11.履约保证金条款
    十八、结尾条款(Witness Clause)

            3.销售确认书 (见样本)


            4.合同格式

    合同
    No.
    Contract
    Date:
     签约地点:
     Signed At:

     卖方:Sellers: 
     地址:Address:
     传真:Fax:
     买方:Buyers: 
     地址:Address:
     传真:Fax:
    兹买卖双方同意成交下列商品订立条款如下:
    The undersigned Sellers and Buyers have agreed to close the following transactions according to the terms and conditions stipulated below:
     
    1.货物名称及规格Name of Commodity and Specification2. 数量Quantity3. 单价Unit Price4.金额Amount5.总值Total Value     

    数量及总值均得有 %的增减,由卖方决定。
    With % more or less both in amount and quantity allowed at the Seller's option.

    6. 包装:Packing:

    7.装运期限 : 收到可以转船及分批装运之信用证  天内装 出。 
    Time of Shipment: Within   days after receipt of L/C allowing transshipment and partial shipments. 

    8. 装运口岸: Port of Loading:

    9. 目的港:Port of Destination:

    10.付款条件: 开给我方100%不可撤销即期付款及可转让可分割之信用证,并须注明可在上述装运日期后15天内在中国议付有效。 
    Terms of Payment: By 100% confirmed, Irrevocable, Transferable and Divisible Letter of Credit to be available by sight draft and to remain valid for negotiation in China until the 15th day after the aforesaid Time of Shipment.

    11.保险: 按中国保险条款,保综合险及战争险(不包括罢工险)。 
    Insurance: Covering all risks and war risk only (excluding S.R.C.C.) as per the China Insurance Clauses.
    由客户自理。
    To be effected by the buyers. 

    12. 装 船 标 记:Shipping Mark:

    13.双方同意以装运港中国进出口商品检验局签发的品质的数量(重量)检验证书作为信用证项下议付所提出单据的一部分。买方有权对货物的品质和数量(重量)进行复验,复验费由买方负担。如发现品质或数量(重量)与合同不符,买方有权向卖方索赔。但须提供经卖方同意的公证机构出具之检验报告。 
    It is mutually agreed that the Inspection Certificate of Quantity (Weight) issued by the China Import and Export Commodity Inspection Bureau at the port of shipment shall be part of the documents to be presented for negotiation under the relevant L/C. The buyers shall have the right to reinspect the Quality and Quality (Weight) of the cargo. The reinspection fee shall be borne by the Buyers. Should the Quality and/or Quantity (Weight) be found not in conformity with that of the contract, the Buyers are entitled to lodge with the Sellers a claim which should be supported by survey reports issued by a recognized Surveyor approved by the Sellers.

    14. 备注REMARKS:
    (1) 买方须于 年 月 日前开到本批交易的信用证(或通知售方进口许可证号码),否则,售方有权不 经通知取消本确认书,或接受买方对本约未执行的全部或一部,或对因此遭受的损失提出索赔。 
    The buyers shall have the covering Letter of Credit reach the Sellers (or notify the Import. License Number)before ________ otherwise the Sellers reserve the right to rescind without further notice or to accept whole or any part of this Sales Confirmation not fulfilled by the Buyers, or to lodge a claim for losses this sustained of any.

    (2) 凡以CIF条件成交的业务,保额为发票的110%, 投保险别以本售货确认书中所开列的为限,买方要求增加保额或保险范围,应于装船前经售方同意,因此而增加的保险费由买方负责。 
    For transactions concluded on C.I.F.basis it is understood that the insurance amount will be for 110% of the invoice value against the risks specified in the Sales Confirmation. If additional Insurance amount of coverage is required, the buyers must have the consent of the Sellers before Shipment and the additional premium is to be borne by the buyers.

    (3) 品质数量异议:如买方提出索赔,凡属品质异议须于货到目的口岸之日起3个月内提出,凡属数量异议须于货到目的口岸之日起15在内提出,对所装运物所提任何异议属于保险公司、轮船公司及其他有关运输机构或邮递机构所负责者,售方不负任何责任。
    QUATLITY/QUANTITY DISCREPANCY: In case of quality discrepancy, claim should be filed by the Buyers within 3 months after the arrival of the goods at port of destination, while of quantity discrepancy, claim should be filed by the Buyers within 15 days after the arrival of the goods at port of destination. It is understood that the Sellers shall not be liable for any discrepancy of the goods shipped due to causes for which the Insurance Company, Shipping company, other transportation, organization/or Post Office are liable.

    (4) 本确认书所述全部或部分商品,如因人力不可抗拒的原因,以致不能履约或延迟交货,售方概不负责。
    The Sellers shall not be held liable for failure or delay in delivery of the entire lot or a portion of the goods under this Sales Confirmation on consequence of any Force Major incidents.

    (5) 买方开给售方的信用证上请填注本确认书号码。
    The buyers are requested always to quote THE NUMBER OF THIS SALES CONFIRMATION in the Letter of Credit to be opened in favour of the Sellers.

    (6) 仲裁: 凡因执行本合同或与本合同有关事项所发生的一切争执, 应由双方通过友好的方式协商解决。 如果不能取得协议时,则在被告国家根据被告仲裁机构的仲裁程序规则进行仲裁。仲裁决定是终局的,对双方具有同等约束力。仲裁费用除非仲裁机构另有决定外,均由败诉一方负担。
    Arbitration: All disputes in connection with this Contract or the execution thereof shall be settled by negotiation between two parties. If no settlement can be reached, the case in dispute shall then be submitted for arbitration in the country of defendant in accordance with the arbitration regulations of the arbitration organization of the defendant country. The decision made by the arbitration organization shall be taken as final and binding upon both parties. The arbitration expenses shall be borne by the losing party unless otherwise awarded by the arbitration organization.

    (7) 买方收到本售货确认书后立即签回一份,如买方对本确认书有异议,应于收到后5天内提出,否则认为买方已同意本确认书所规定的各项条款。
    The Buyers are requested to sign and return one copy of this Sales Confirmation immediately after receipt of the same. Objection, if any, should be raise by the Buyers within five days after the receipt of this Sales Confirmation, in the absence of which it is understood that the Buyers have accepted the terms and conditions of the Sales Confirmation.

      卖 方                             买 方 
    THE SELLERS                          THE BUYERS